The output of the UPR, depending on numerous factors, may vary and switch between the pro-survival and the pro-apoptotic branch, and hence it displays opposing effects in deciding the fate of the cancer cell. Since ER is an organelle relatively sensitive to oxidative damage, aforementioned conditions swiftly cause the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathway. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs when the balance between an ability of the ER to fold and transfer proteins and the degradation of the misfolded ones become distorted. This event triggers adequate cellular response and thereby creates appropriate conditions for further cancer progression. Poor clinical prognosis is presumably due to cancer cells metabolism as tumor microenvironment is affected by oxidative stress. constitutes a grave problem nowadays in view of the fact that it has become one of the main causes of death worldwide. 8 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland. 7 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. 6 Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland. 5 Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland. 4 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland. 3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. 2 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland. 1 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland.
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